Interning with ETIV’s new IT program

By Amelia Opsahl

ETIV launched our Information Technology (IT) program in June of 2023, and I was lucky enough to participate as our first IT intern. The new program, which will run for three months, instructs students on coding, user interface design, the importance of digital accessibility, and a variety of other areas within IT. We run six 90 minute classes per week for all age groups, and at times classes have over 10 students in attendance. The importance of these classes is clear as IT is ever increasing in relevance in our world today. IT proficiency increases career prospects, and is also seen in our day-to-day lives. However, the curriculum is especially valuable for the population in Itacaré. Many students do not have computers at home, and local public schools do not have the economic resources to incorporate computer work into their classes. Thus, the opportunity at ETIV for students to not only learn how to use a computer, but also understand the intricacies of programming and design, is a special one in which I was excited to take part. 

Me with several student regulars in our IT class

My principal role as an intern was assisting in IT classes. I was prepared for this work thanks to my specialization in Data Science at my college in the U.S. I applied these skills to help the teacher present lectures on new topics and aid students in our daily, hands-on activities. For example, I oversaw tutorials on how to build applications, on how to program and complete challenges using block code, and on how to design the interface of websites and social media pages. I was also given the freedom to create several class plans and lead sessions when the teacher was not available. In addition to this work within our IT classes, I also worked on several miscellaneous IT-related initiatives for ETIV; I completed website updates, designed posters on Canva, and helped other interns use our computers, and aided in ETIV’s new Digital Marketing class on the weekends. 

Me and fellow ETIV workers with several local merchants who came to ETIV’s new “Oficina Conecta” program, a series of classes in which we provided instruction on how to use of social media, Google Maps, and Canva to expand digital marketing efforts.

Working as an IT intern for seven weeks was an enriching experience. Firstly, I loved interacting with the kids. They were all passionate about learning and patient with my imperfect Portuguese, which allowed me to truly work one-on-one with them and make meaningful progress with their understanding of the subject. After class, we often spend up to an hour speaking together about our lives. These conversations were some of my favorite moments of the day as I learned more about Bahian culture, my students’ perspectives, and how much their childhoods differed from my own. Beyond the rewarding personal connection of my work, I also improved in my own hard skills through my time at ETIV. My Portuguese advanced tremendously, and I became far more familiar with WordPress, Canva, the Google Suite, and Linux, the operating system used in ETIV’s computers.

Students and I working together on an activity in our IT class

ETIV is putting a new focus on STEM activities in light of their growing relevance in current society. In addition to our new IT program, we will also be launching a robotics class, which I helped to design, and a chess team in the coming months. If you enjoy working in the digital space and would like to share this valuable knowledge with our youth population in Itacaré, I encourage you to reach out to info@etivdobrasil.org about volunteer and intern opportunities!

Environmental Education at ETIV: helping students connect with and protect their planet

By Ava Korres

My primary focus here at ETIV as an environmental intern, is helping with environmental education and mangrove monitoring projects. During my first couple weeks at ETIV, students were on holidays, thus I didn’t have physical environmental education classes. Instead, I used this time to help with mangrove monitoring and create a curriculum for my environmental classes. My primary goal for these classes was to enact an environment where kids could have fun while developing a further connection to nature.

Student meditation in ETIV’s environmental education program

It is my belief that fostering a connection with nature allows one to better understand and care for the environment. If we are able to experience the magic of our Mother Earth, we are able to see the beauty and act as her protector instead of her destroyer. In my mind the human-nature relationship does not differ greatly from a human-human or human-animal relationship. Within the diverse ecosystems of the world, exist many living plant species that convert CO2 into oxygen and provide us with organic materials, providing both our soil and our bodies with nutrients. Our Mother Earth is our provider. She gives to us as our own mothers do. Nature is full of living organisms that respond to love and care. When we support and give love to Mother Earth, she bears delicious juicy fruits, and grows trees to play and climb in.

Ava enjoying time with nature, rain or shine!

If we don’t care for her and use pollutants, there are consequences that directly affect us. The waters become contaminated and humans become sick. Humans and their environment need to have a relationship. We can grow together, or collapse together. The choice is ours. This is why I believe fostering a relationship with nature, especially at a young age is extremely important. When kids are in their developmental years they can foster a connection with the planet that can last a lifetime and the children of the current generation need to learn how to treat and connect with the environment as climate change is already beginning to impact societies around the world.

A student working in ETIV’s garden

While creating my curriculum for my classes, I kept this goal in the forefront of my mind. Each of my classes begin with a game that takes place outdoors. Whether the game be cops and robbers, tag, or capture the flag. Allowing the kids to relieve some energy and have fun, while interacting with the natural world is a great step to build a connection and love for nature. After they are too tired to run any longer, we sit down for a simple meditation or breathing activity, once again calming their central nervous systems and allowing them to slow down, acknowledging their senses and the world around them. They listen to the natural and human world interacting together. Listening to the birds chirping amongst the voices of humans and engines of cars passing by. They smell the rain that sits on the grass from the storm the previous night, but also the scent of trash that lies in the streets. Paying attention to these human-nature interactions, creating a sense of how we work together now and how we can better work together in the future. After our time outside of ETIV, we return for our main activity of the day. Each class has a main focus, today we planted our own seedlings in re-used yogurt cups.

Students journaling during the seedling activity

Each kid chose a cup, poked holes in the bottom, in order to allow for the exchange of CO2 and oxygen, filled the cup with soil, planted their seeds, and finally added a touch more soil and water. After planting, each kid was given a journal for their plant where they are to keep progress on the plant’s growth, drawing pictures and/or writing brief observations. They each named their plants and took them home where they will place their newly planted seedlings in the windowsill to receive sunlight. Each child will water their plant daily, watching the seeds sprout and grow, as a parent watches after their child. The goal of this activity went along with my goal of fostering a connection to nature as each child was now responsible for the livelihood of their plants. Each of the kids were extremely excited for the activity and look forward to watch their plants grow.

A student proudly posing with his seedling

A Rainy Day in Itacaré

By Ava-Rae Resnik

Today is Thursday, July 29th, a rainy day in Itacaré calling for a slow morning with limited wifi. As the raindrops lightly hit the floor there is serenity and peace in the air. When it rains here the town comes to a pause. People put down their tools and pick up their books. Rainy days are time to slow down and be indoors with family. I sit here in my apartment, incense burning, window open. In front of me sits my journal where I write taking a moment of reflection and appreciation for where I am, for the past few weeks of adventure, work, portuguese, and all that this little coastal town has to offer. 

A cozy morning of work and journaling in the ETIV office

The mixture of the incense and rain brings forth a nostalgic feeling of childhoods at home watching each raindrop fall, sometimes getting the motivation to put my rain boots on, run outside and dance. Here, I am tempted to do the same and on rainy nights out in the town I do. Embracing the gift of the source that is bigger than us. Realizing that rain is a gift and brings beauty to Itacaré, making the trees grow taller and greener. Rain brings water, a precursor of life and the raindrops symbolize growth in my eyes. Not only growth of the flora but also of us humans if we allow for it. During these slow mornings we can reflect upon the areas of our life that we hope to see growth. 

A rainy, but colorful night out in ETIV’s town center

As the week is also coming to an end, now is a good time to plan for the next week to come, making personal internal goals and making goals for the things I want to do here in Itacaré. I am hoping that this next week brings beautifully curved waves and lots of beach time as my goal is to become a surfer. I want to be able to paddle past the break zone, read the language of the waves and paddle with them as they become big, slowly standing to ride the waves all the way into shore. I want to see more of the local spots in this little town, even though Itacaré is little I know that there are many hidden secret treasures to explore.

My first visit to the beach just after arriving in Bahia

I want to find more places to listen to the intricate beats of the drums. I want to watch capoeira and go to a class at the cultural center at least once while I am here, taking advantage of the potential knowledge gained within the deep Bahian culture in Itacaré. I also am determined to learn the fast footwork of samba as for now all I can do is sit back and admire the rapid moves of the men and women alike that come together at the end of the night after the sun comes to a fall. 

– Ava-Rae Resnik

My Daily Routine as a Volunteer at ETIV

^{By Ella Lyons}

My name is Ella Lyons, and I have now been in the small coastal town of Itacaré for almost a month, volunteering 30 hours a week with ETIV do Brasil while simultaneously refamiliarizing myself with all that makes up this town that was once my home many years ago as a child.

My days are made up of mornings spent at the ETIV complex with the team, planning the week’s activities for the english, tec, environmental, and girls empowerment classes that will take place in the coming days. Sometimes, I fundraise to generate an income and enhance much needed resources to foster ETIV’s success through grant writing and GoFundMe pages, while other times posting on the instagram page with updated schedules and photos of the previous week’s classes to further attract children and community participation.

After a long lunch accompanied by yoga, beach, or a little bit of both, I work on a new curriculum to be used for a girls empowerment project. This program will have activities like constructing dream boards and writing letters to our future selves, and is aimed at a younger audience to accompany our current project for girls in middle or high school. This week’s newest idea is hosting a yoga class to accompany our Educação Ambiental Program, which is an environmental education course.

Beyond the 4-5 hours I spend at the ETIV complex, there is always more to be done to contribute to not only the NGO, but also the Bairro Passagem community and beyond. For example, I participate in festivals such as Serão, an event that takes place every month to boost community engagement through food, music, capoeira, an Afro-Brazilian martial art, and much more.

When thinking about where else I would want to be during this time in my life, as graduation from my university back in the United States is just around the corner and life will be busier than I would like sooner than I would like, the slow-paced yet balanced lifestyle that Itacaré offers is a breath of fresh air to what my body and mind craves. Made up of eating fresh food, enhancing my yoga practice, reading books, surfing, and doing impactful work with the community, my time has left me feeling like a welcomed local rather than a foreign outsider.

Beach Camping around Itacaré

There’s nothing quite like sleeping under the stars to freshen your passion for environmental causes. Thankfully for environmental workers here at ETIV, and indeed for anyone in the city of Itacaré, we have dozens of kilometres of stunning coastline in either direction, perfect for a relaxing hike and camping by the beach. Heading south past the city beaches of Concha, Resende, Tiririca and Ribeira, it’s a manageable hike up to Prainha, and the adventurous may seek to make it as far as Itacarezinho. 

Well, we recommend the opposite – why not take a boat taxi (7BRL, cash only) over the Rio de Contas from Praia da Coroa and head north past Pontal beach… Time your departure with low tide to tread the sands while firmer (your calves will thank you!) and take plenty of water and sunscreen for the 8km beach hike under the fierce Bahian sun. A couple of hours walking, leaving time for a snack break and a dip or two in the freshness of the sea, and you will end up in paradise – Piracanga beach. These stunning white sands give way to luscious palm forests and the mouth of a shallow river, perfect for bathing, feeds into an ocean of perfectly formed waves softly crashing onto the near deserted beach. 

Escape the hectic, crowded atmosphere of the party town of Itacaré and lounge on Piracanga beach by day, bathe in the tranquil freshwater of the river and in the evening, you can take a wonderful meal at the all-vegan restaurant at the Piracanga Ecovila (35BRL). This intriguing community of long-term and passing guests is a deceptively enveloping world of peace and catharsis, an entirely sustainable complex of dwellings and activity centres. While away the hours meeting locals, many of whom will give you real food for thought with their unorthodox life philosophies and their love of the spiritual world of oneness with nature. When darkness falls, a plethora of activities, many of them free of charge, opens up in the Ecovila. Remember that many people live here full-time, and you are their guest when taking part in community life here. When you’ve had your fill, retreat to the peace of your tent by the beach (better yet, your hammock!) and settle in for a night by the ocean under a star-filled sky. Let the gentle whisper of the waves lull you off to sleep – sunrise is early here, and tomorrow you’ll want to do it all over again!

When the ETIV environmentalists visited, we were given a renewed sense of the emotional importance of the natural world we try to protect at the NGO. For all the spreadsheets of emissions figures and the journals on ecological destruction, sometimes it is important to regain that sense of awe at the restorative power of Mother Earth – and that’s exactly what you get when you camp on Bahia’s Cacau Coast. 

TOP TIP – PIRACANGA ECOVILA RESTAURANT

Open to visitors and offering truly gourmet options for breakfast (25BRL), lunch and dinner (both 35BRL), this all-vegan eatery is the perfect cheat code if you don’t fancy lugging all your cooking equipment and foodstuffs along with you. We especially recommend the breakfast here (café da manhã in Portuguese), which is à vontade, or all-you-can-eat!

Served between 0070- 0830, it’s a cornucopia of delicious sweet and savoury delights to kick off your day. For this reason, you’ll want to pitch up camp relatively near the ecovila, but remember to leave a respectful distance out of deference to the residents – besides, you’ll want to be nearer the beach for the cool breeze and soothing soundtrack…

by OJ Maitland

LESCANT é uma sigla que representa sete áreas que podem ser usados para abordar as questões culturais que surgem na hora de realizar a comunicação para negócios internacionais.

Language / Linguagem

Environment and Technology / Ambiente e Tecnologia

Social Organization / Organização Social

Contexting / Contexto

Authority conception / Autoridade

Non-verbal behavior / Não-Verbal

Time conception / Tempo

The Lost Cachoeira: Part 1

A little throwback to 2019, when two of our former volunteers were eagerly trying to find a hidden waterfall a bit outside of Itacaré.

The Cachoeira do Cleandro is a small cascade located not far from Itacaré, and is accessible by foot from the shores of the Rio de Contas.

Determined to combine both sport and pleasure, Clare and Stephanie, two fearless volunteers, decided to venture up the Rio de Contas in an inflatable kayak, journeying from the quaint Itacaré neighbourhood of Passagem, where the ETIV Volunteer House is situated.

After locating the Cachoeira on Google Maps and attempting to commit the waterfall’s exact location to memory, we set off on our expedition equipped with paddles, drinking water, snacks, and sunscreen, with a few looks of bemusement from local fishermen. 

And so the journey begins…

February 23 2019

2.30 pm

Litres of water: 2

Distance as the crow flies from the Cachoeira: 3.8 km

Daylight: 100%

Motivation: 300%

Our journey commenced “dans la joie et la bonne humeur”. It would seem that luck was on our side, as the current and wind favoured our direction of travel and guided us swiftly downstream towards our destination. We therefore made the most of such good fortune and conserved our energy, admiring the beautiful river banks as we drifted peacefully along.

What luscious nature! And such diverse scenery! 

We encounter plenty of people in motorboats waving their hands and calling out their greetings. 

Brazil is such a wonderful country!

3 pm

Litres of water: 1.75

Distance as the crow flies from the Cachoeira: 0.5 km

Daylight: 100%

Motivation: 300%

We pull up next to a white boat, anchored just next to a seemingly abandoned river bank. Little did we rowers know that the curious Cachoeira awaits just metres from the boat…

However, convinced that the path to the Cachoeira will no doubt be indicated by some sign or signal, we continue sailing, all the while contemplating the beautiful scenery.

4 pm

Litres of water: 1

Distance as the crow flies from the Cachoeira: 2 km

Daylight: 90%

Motivation: 250% 

Still no Cachoeira in sight… We find ourselves beneath a road bridge and, recalling my memory’s screenshot of Google Maps, I realise that the Cachoeira should be located long before this bridge, much further upstream… The sun starts sinking and we reluctantly decide to return to Itacaré. 

4.15 pm

It soon becomes clear that battling against the river’s current makes for a more tiring return than anticipated… Nevertheless, we are strong independent women, basically professional athletes (debatable I’ll admit…), but how bad can it really be?

4.30 pm

(Sigh) Muscles that I never knew existed, let alone used, make themselves known! But on a more positive note, at least the wind against us flows through our hair, cooling us down and making us feel slightly badass.

5 pm

As great as lower temperatures and feeling badass is, the wind has a tendency to push the boat backwards every time we stop paddling…

However, the return shouldn’t be too long and our naïve optimism spurs us on. Despite the setbacks, we adopt the cruising speed of a university rowing team.

To spice things up a bit, we make an executive decision to pause at a river bank to swap seats: putting Stephanie at the bow and Clare at the stern. In employing such tactics, we meet a local and take the opportunity to ask him where the elusive Cachoeira is located. He answers with a smirk and a chuckle that the Cachoeira is in fact much further upstream, back towards Itacaré…

5.30 pm

Litres of water: 0.5

Distance as the crow flies from the Cachoeira: 0.5 km

Daylight: 70%

Motivation: 80% 

We return to the white anchored boat (ever clueless that the Cachoeira is hiding right under our noses). The sun is about to disappear, but both the waterfall and our hometown of Itacaré remain nowhere to be seen…

With blisters on our hands and muscles getting sore, we paddle on…

6 pm

Litres of water: 0.2

Distance as the crow flies from the Cachoeira: 1.5 km

Daylight: 40%

Motivation: 50% 

We have been paddling almost non-stop for 2 hours now, and a comfortable position in these inflatable seats remains a mystery.

We fail to recognise the passing landscapes, even though it’s difficult to lose your way on a river… The riverbanks seem so boring… And all these people smugly waving at us as they whizz past in motorboats…

6.15 pm

As we make our way ever so slowly up the centre of the river, a dark and morbid shape comes into view up ahead. Admittedly, it was nothing but a half-immersed tree branch, but when Clare asks if there are crocodiles in this river, we cannot help but paddle twice as fast, despite Stephanie giving (what she hoped was) a reassuring reply of “no, not that I know of…”

6.30 pm

Litres of water: 0

Distance as the crow flies from the Cachoeira: 3 km

Daylight: 15%

Motivation: 20% 

While the sky is already dark, we finally get our first glimpse of the lights of Itacaré! However, as we paddle harder with a new sense of hope, we cannot help but sense that Itacaré is moving ever further away…

Not a word has been said for over an hour now, as all energy is needed for our (not so professional) rowing skills… We are now wondering why anyone would travel abroad when you can stay at home with friends and family instead…

7 pm

Litres of water: 0

Distance as the crow flies from the Cachoeira: 3.8 km

Daylight: 0%

Motivation: -10% 

Giving it 100% was our motto for the last stretch to the sprint finish, and we finally pull into darkest Passagem, feeling utterly exhausted. But it is not over yet. A trek with kayak in hand across marshland and narrow potholed streets (with goodness knows what creatures lurking in the shadows) awaits…

Failing to discover the Cachoeira, we at least discovered new arm muscles that ached the morning after… and we know that next time we will definitely be capable of paddling to the Cachoeira, having gone triple the distance today!

1. https://www.viagenspossiveis.com.br/stand-up-paddle-em-itacare-praia-rio-manguezal-cachoeira/dcim100gopro-15/

Activity time: What represents nature to you?

Whilst we at ETIV always like formal lessons with lots of directed learning for our students, we know its also important to give the kids a chance to express themselves back to us. That’s why we regularly hold classes based mainly around creative activities which give the children a chance to show us what they have learnt in a laid-back, fun atmosphere. This week that meant an arts and craft class where we asked the students to create stamps out of recycled materials representing nature and conservation as they understand it. This kind of class is also a chance for us teachers to learn how the kids respond to the material we discuss in class, and what stands out to them as most important.

We start by going over the themes we discussed last week, which should inform the ideas they choose for their designs. This week that was the importance of biodiversity and the threats posed by pesticides in intensive agriculture. It was interesting that, given the choice between designing stamps of plants and animals, or stamps of warning signs for pesticides, the children all chose to depict nature at its strongest and most beautiful. For the teachers, it is always refreshing to see an optimistic younger generation who value positive messages about nature over doom and gloom about the threats it faces.

After sketching their designs and cutting out the foam for their stamp, each student comes to one of the teachers to safely stick the stamp to a piece of wood with the glue-gun. As we get towards finishing the stamps, several of the students say they don’t expect their design to work… But this soon changes when they see their stamps in action!

Now, with the stamps finished, we ask each student to explain their choices. Jennifer tells me she has chosen to make a stamp of a fish because her star sign is Pisces, and she wants to see more done to protect marine environments so that fish stocks are preserved. I ask her what kind of dangers face fish, and she remembers how we discussed pesticide run-off in last week’s class.

Maria has chosen to depict a sunflower for her stamp, and she tells me that it is the flower that she thinks best represents nature’s beauty. She says we need to be careful about pesticide use to avoid damaging wild flower populations. The sunflower is the “smiling face of nature” looking up at a blue sky and a bright future.

by Oskar James Maitland

Great things have small beginnings

Educating on pesticides and organic agriculture

Here at ETIV, we always promote sustainable practices that protect both the planet and the health of the people who live on it. For this reason, we have backed the introduction of recycling facilities to our town of Itacaré¹, and part of our environmental curriculum revolves around teaching the children of the community how to recycle properly. Beyond recycling, we are now starting a programme within our environmental classes to encourage the use of organic agriculture and to raise awareness about the dangers posed to both personal health and wider biodiversity by pesticides and artificial fertilizers. To this end, we are working with children in our on-site vegetable garden to teach them about processes such as composting and horticulture.

The idea is that the more our students engage with these sustainable practices, the more they will learn about the key issues behind them and will also end up with a greater appreciation for engaging with nature in that hands-on fashion! In all of this, it is important to discuss with the children that pesticides are an integral part of modern agriculture that have helped to increase crop yields and feed millions, but that in the future we hope to transition to safer practices such as using natural predators to control pests. We encourage them to look out for organic certificates on their food and crucially to wash fruit and vegetables before eating them. As a practical activity, we have even started a project in which each student has created their own seedling pot to look after and eventually transfer into the vegetable garden and actively take part in the process of growing food.

Sadly, the lobbying power of Brazil’s huge agroindustry means that the country uses up to five times the amount of Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs)² as a proportion of total pesticide use when compared to major European nations. These chemicals pose an acute risk to human health, and needless to say their use is damaging to the biodiversity of the surrounding region, and even to far-fetched locales when the run-off enters water systems.

This makes our work with the children of Itacaré all the more crucial, as the risks they are exposed to by this political decision are far greater than in many countries, while their general knowledge on the subject lags behind due to a lack of coverage in schools’ curriculums. We hope that by raising awareness of these issues at a grassroots level, tomorrow’s community in Itacaré will be better equipped to stand up to local government and industry and demand more transparency and better standards when it comes to the use of HHPs. This work makes a small but tangible contribution to enabling the community to protect itself against threats posed by callous agroindustry. We encourage other NGOs and educational institutions to open the discussion on the use of pesticides wherever they are, and together we may stand a chance of changing things for the better!

by Oskar James Maitland

1. https://itacare.ba.gov.br/moradores-e-comerciantes-aderem-ao-programa-de-coleta-seletiva-em-itacare/

2. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/03/brazil-sets-record-for-highly-hazardous-pesticide-consumption-report/#:~:text=Brazil%20is%20not%20only%20the,in%20the%20environment%20and%20in

Ronaldo’s life continues

From high school drop-out to role model

As the uncle of the ten-year-old girl Bia, Ronaldo is now putting himself into a role model position. The two share a really close relationship and like spending time with each other, be it at the beach or just around their neighborhood. Ronaldo wants Bia to “be someone” in life.

Ronaldo is fearing that Bia could meet the wrong people and make poor life choices, like dropping out of school. He wants her to focus on her studies, go to university, create amazing friendships, explore the world travelling, but most important of all: to become an independent and good-hearted young woman.

Gladly, Bia is a bright and intelligent kid. However, she gets many curveballs thrown her way in everyday life. Due to Bia’s mum being a single parent, Bia is required to help take care of her little brother when her mother is busy, even if that means occasionally missing school days. Due to inconsistent school visits and the poor school education, she and many of her peers are struggling to read and write. Sadly, high analphabetism rates are no rarity in this part of Brazil. Over 13% of the population of Bahia is unable to read and write, this percentage being the highest in the whole country and rising annually.

Bia’s and Ronaldo’s stories are no exceptions.

Growing up in an underprivileged neighborhood like Passagem, many kids constantly get exposed to dangers in their daily lives. Be it criminality, violence and trafficking or the lacking support and encouragement, the poor education, as well as structural violence, racism and social inequalities.

ETIV do Brasil is trying to change that. Education is the key to systematic change to guarantee environmental conservation and youth development. By offering diverse free programs like English teaching, Health education, Environmental and swimming classes, Bia and the kids of our neighborhood are encouraged to learn and develop themselves further.

Despite all the things that Bia went through, she is a strong little girl. Bia is determined to accomplish something in life and is eager to learn English by participating in ETIV do Brasil’s language program. She loves joking around with her friends and playing catch on the streets.

Ronaldo and Bia’s stories are very inspiring, considering their willpower and determination to change their lives for the better.

 We asked Ronaldo to give some advice to other young people and this is what he said:

“Study. The basis of everything is knowledge. If you like something, whether it is a sport or any other activity, go for it. Keep investing your time in that thing that you love and be determined. Always keep in mind to be respectful, to have sympathy, and to aim at acquiring wisdom. The latter is something you will take with you for your entire life, something you can never lose.”

by Ana-Catalina Espinoza

References:

Analphabetism in Bahia ,https://www.metro1.com.br/noticias/bahia/94733,bahia-tem-maior-taxa-de-analfabetismo-do-brasil-diz-ibge